哈佛 5 大寫作智慧

1.寫－重寫－再修改：
寫作沒有別的捷徑，只有一寫再寫，才能寫出精煉的文章。

2.從別人批評中得到建議：
別人比你客觀，他們的批評很有幫助，透過質疑可以逼我們想得更清楚，
最好有不贊同的意見，可以逼我們凸顯論點。

3.要有推論，重點及觀點：
沒有重點，文章詞藻再美、文法再無懈可擊都沒有說服力。

4.要具體，推論要有充足證據，並且找出好的例子支持這些證據：
如果你舉不出任何具體例證，表示你可能根本沒弄懂。

5.心裡一定要有讀者，但不要一味迎合：
寫作是發展及表達你自己的觀念，不要想投其所好。

http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/webarticle.php?id=26133&p=8

12星座专属的12部情色电影

白羊座 阳光下的罪恶--《蓝丝绒》

对追求简单刺激，喜欢悬念的白羊而言，这部《蓝丝绒》能够给它们想要的一切。悬疑案、平静外表下所隐藏的性、暴力、犯罪和权力。影片在氛围上的塑造精心出 色，黑色，恐怖，抑郁等等阴暗色调的交织，充满强烈的视觉效果，而以强烈的对比效果来烘托“阳光下隐藏的罪恶”这种手法，向来是羊羊们最为钟爱的。

金牛座 玫瑰色的爱与死--《失乐园》

对爱情坚贞不屈的金牛而言，还有哪部片子能让《失乐园》如此忧伤而唯美，强烈而悸动？这部由著名作家渡边淳一的作品《失乐园》改编而成的同名电影，作为亚洲情色电影的一座丰碑，风靡了整个世界。

电影唯美忧伤，却又充满激情，一段激情洋溢的婚外恋情，是剧中人心中最后的涅磐。旷大的人世一无可依，唯有这不伦的爱恋，才有着沁人的玫瑰色泽，就算是死 也是玫瑰色的。现实的博奕，爱情总是不得善终，即使是以生命为代价。这也让对爱情坚贞的金牛既感动，又稀嘘。爱，是如此的不可言说，又如此的无可依归。

双子座 偷窥视线里的畸形爱恋--《美邻诱惑》

对于天生追求速度感，喜欢文明，崇尚科技，而又喜欢新鲜刺激的双子而言，《美邻诱惑》绝对能在瞬间吸引住双子们的眼球。女主角阿曼达从小被继父强奸，她出 于报复，杀了自己的继父，并且养成了她变态的性格。一次，她杀了玩弄她的医生，并埋于自家花园，但被邻居理查德的摄像头录下，她为了清除录像资料开始跟理 查德接触。她在理查德家安装了摄像头和窃听装置，每天在家里看着理查德洗澡、与妻子做爱、与情人偷情、与家人吵架……

影片拥有了一切可以占据票房的元素，样样都足以吊人胃口，足够令双子们大呼过瘾，而最能深深打动双子们的却是在偷窥中逐渐产生的爱恋萌芽，到最后的温柔与共，不论再如何变态的性格，在爱的沐浴里，也有片刻的清新与欢愉。

巨蟹座 无声的爱情色欲--《钢琴课》

巨蟹座人相当注重感情，而且常常放在心里，用那宽大的蟹脚将它们紧紧包藏，暗中涌动，无限回味，又让人难以揣测。沉默的《钢琴课》里面那蜿蜒而深邃的感情正宛如巨蟹们藏匿心中，难以表露的深情。

在这部电影里，通过慢慢加深的肉体纠缠式的情色情节，完美烘托出的却是一个如泣如诉而且沉重深刻的爱情故事。那故事婉转而深邃，正如同不能说话的艾达和她的钢琴演奏出的各色美丽音符，一端是沉默，另一端是巨蟹们永远的渴望与探索。

狮子座 讨好别人才能讨好自己--《艳舞女郎》

对向来喜欢高人一等，为众人仰望的狮子而言，盛大华丽，镁光灯中央的四溢激情，是他们用以串起人生美好回忆的唯一企盼，所以《艳舞女郎》更成为华丽转身后 的狮子们无比回味的一声叹息。在一派华丽刺激的视觉包装下的《艳舞女郎》诉说的其实正是娱乐圈里哀凉的定律：成功只有通过阴险的算计和自甘堕落的投怀送 抱，而即使成功后也难以实现真正“为艺术而艺术”的艺术理想。也许只有先讨好别人才能讨好自己，这才是艺术的真正得以生存之道，在满足狮子座们华丽的观感同时也有着强烈的警醒。

处女座 凄清的肉体爱的孤寂--《巴黎最后的探戈》

对于崇尚真挚感情，又对感情满怀迷惑，挑剔又怀疑，总是在真爱前徘徊失措的处女而言，这部片子，往往会触动处处们最深处易感的神经。

从容却满是窒息感的镜头，凄清空旷的惨淡景色，虽然是部人物关系错综复杂的情色电影，但是真正讲述的却是绝望的主题。两个年纪有若父女关系的人，在寓所偶然遇见，疯狂做爱，不问名字和来历，一切仿佛是最原始，没有任何负累，只有性，也许粗暴，也许却快慰。

爱情究竟是该麻木还是甜美？爱欲究竟是该沉沦还是升华？人生是否永远在无以名状的痛苦与颓废中度过，死亡才是永远的生生不息？肉体虽然碰撞的强烈激荡，但 是肉体下的灵魂却总是如此凄清而孤寂，也许爱情也只能是段探戈，稍纵即逝，高潮迭起，却永不再来。悲伤的处处们在影片的绝望里，也永远留住了那心里一直渴 望的完美。

天秤座 那一抹永难忘却的爱欲缠绵--《情人》

对天秤座而言，真正的爱情总是充满了浪漫和幻美的情调。正如《情人》。

1929年的湄公河，一个法国少女与一个中国男子的邂逅。没有未来的爱注定是虚无的。但是无论多么虚无，那激情还是四溢流淌，在温柔而泛滥的柔情里，情色 相融，颓废而奢靡。湿热的街道，来来往往叫卖的人群。晦暗阴郁的高高屋顶的房子，百叶窗里忽而明媚忽而幽暗的细碎光线。

爱吧，杜拉斯说，爱情犹如疾患。当80岁的女主角在画外里再次回顾，天秤们也不由自主在爱情的迷幻与持久里久久不能自持。

天蝎座 当爱情遇上爱情--《苦月亮》

《苦月亮》可算是天蝎座最完整的心曲演绎。因为天蝎正是对爱不断需索的人，为了爱，不惜丧失自己的一切。故事相当惊悚刺激，很符合天蝎们的想像。刺激，惊悚，忧伤，痛苦和恐怖。

当真相层层揭开，当人物依次的死去，天蝎们终于发现，其实，那正是爱情与爱情结合而出的无边痛苦。都是为爱伤得及其沉重的人，而这执著甚至偏激的爱情观， 不正是天蝎们的写照么？为了爱，不断的伤害对方，爱情在这里只能成为苦涩的月亮，也许痛苦的是她，抑或痛苦的便是你。

射手座 激情洋溢的颠覆--《本能》

本能绝对是喜欢刺激，内心狂野的射手们的心头之好。对于钟爱惊悚桥断的射手而言，《本能》那出乎意料高潮迭起的故事情节，那狂放热烈，玩世人于股掌的豪气干云，恰巧能满足所有射手座人自由佻达的灵魂，舍《本能》还有谁？

魔羯座 疏离而痛苦的压抑--《爱情万岁》

魔羯们在看他们的时候总是感同身受。对他们那充满压力不得释放的灵魂而言，《爱情万岁》中，人们那自顾自的惘然的生活正让他们看到了现实中的自己。所有的 人都在同间屋子里存在，但是他们彼此不通信息，各自游离，他们的压抑和痛苦只能在自己虚无的动作中得以表达。这令魔羯们郁闷，自省，痛苦，自我放逐，又渴 望重生，这是一部真正能震撼魔羯们的情色电影。

水瓶座 一树梨花压海棠--《洛丽塔》

超前而古怪的水瓶座总能轻易的理解《洛丽塔》里那似乎不正常的爱情。那看似伦理道德的爱情，实际上是男主角内心中永远左冲又突而长不大的灵魂，灵魂爱上一 个相当年纪的肉身，又何错之有呢？因为水瓶们从来就认同真的并没有所谓的年龄界限，道德差异，有的，只是爱。在瓶子眼中，爱，其实与道德无关。

双鱼座 生命不能承受之轻--《云上的日子》

对天马行空，无由幻想而又有着天生哲人心灵的双鱼而言， 这断片式的电影是最适合他们的了。

四个联系松散的故事，看起来完全不让人尽兴，却让人思索。这部片子着意刻画的并不是一个完整的故事情节，而是尽力于感知真相和真实的惊鸿一瞥。当我们猜 测，渴望展开的时候，故事已经结束，那么多的错过与刺痛，那么多的惊愕和猜测，但是，我们只是匆匆一晤，转瞬即逝。

而这正符合了双鱼们对爱的定义：也许爱正是如此的充满幻象，也许人生正是如此，宛如云端漫步，如此轻飘，却让人不能承受。在大师充满哲学式的思考之下，我们的人生似乎被片刻的还原了，也正是在那短促的片刻里，获得了双鱼们最期待的，哲人般的永恒。

HK編輯工作簡介

工作介紹

編輯一般都出現在出版業，和書籍的生產製作有關，其把關決定哪些東西該印出來變成書、雜誌或報紙。雖然編輯既不創作，也不製造（不造紙、不印刷），但卻是決定這個社會能讀到什麼東西的人。編輯的職責隨雇主及編輯職位形式與階級而異。編輯職責可能包括規劃書籍、技術期刊、貿易雜誌及其他一般刊物的內容。編輯也決定哪些素材將吸引讀者、複查及編輯書籍與文章的草稿、提供意見改善作品以及建議可能的標題。此外，他們可能監督出版刊物的製作。在書籍出版業，編輯主要職責在檢視書籍提案，決定是否向作者購買出版權。編輯應熟習現代科技，經常使用個人電腦、電子出版系統、掃描器及其他電子傳播工具。 

編輯的種類

出版社編輯：一般出版社有助理編輯、編輯、主編、副總編、總編輯等職稱。總編輯、副總編輯與主編必須能了解整個出版產業的狀況，這個產業不單只是編書與企劃，還包括了如何跟作家邀稿，對此產業若不熟悉可能會發生邀錯對象的情況，編輯不但對作家創作的領域要了解，同時還要與作家保持友好關係。除了編稿外，有些編輯也必須負責行銷相關之前置工作。
報社編輯的工作包括了文稿的整理、修飾、增添以及改寫，再透過標題的製作、版面編排等，才算完成整個製作過程。報社編輯分為助理編輯、編輯、主編、召集人或組長、副主任及主任、副總編輯及總編輯等。助理編輯都是被授與工作，主要為文字上的潤稿、製作標題，或是其他有關主編所交待的版面工作；編輯的工作內容與助理編輯類似，但範圍變大、廣度及深度都加深了。 
雜誌編輯會分成採訪組及編輯組，採訪編輯需要外出採訪並撰稿；編輯組則分文稿編輯、美術編輯、攝影編輯，每組由主編來統籌一切的工作，主編在內部統籌雜誌、每期專題的選擇、與主管開會定調主題。 

就功能面而言，編輯大致可分為：

• 企劃編輯，通常是主編以上人物，負責規劃書籍、選書或者邀稿、審稿和與作者討論書籍製作方法，甚至行銷企劃等。


• 執行編輯，負責流程控管，不需要向作者邀稿，而是控制採訪編輯或採訪主編工作時間，讓雜誌或書可在預定的日期順利出版，較無實際參與選書或與作者邀稿的工作。


• 採訪編輯，要擬定主題，去採訪特定人士，進而撰寫採訪稿。文字編輯，複查並修正作者的文字正確性、內容、文法及風格。美術編輯，負責標題的設計及顏色的選擇、圖片的配置，以及字體尺寸的設定。


• 文字編輯與美術編輯都是相輔相成的。為了配合新聞或文章，文字編輯可能會提供給美術編輯相關的照片或圖畫，並做好事前的溝通。美術編輯若認為某位畫家的風格非常適合其刊物，亦可與文字編輯共同決定向其邀稿。

進用職能

編輯一般來說需要具備大學學歷，且具備第二外語能力很重要，尤其是英、日語能力。因為現在是資訊發達的社會，編輯常需要編輯或翻譯國外的作品，而較大宗的作品來源多為歐美及日本，所以英、日語能力相形重要。而目前從事編輯工作的人大部分畢業於文學系、歷史系、法律系、商業相關系所或大傳系。報社需要很多畢業於專業科系的人才，若其負責法律、環保等新聞議題，具有法律、公衛背景的人較容易上手，因為他們有其人脈及專業知識，只需加強編採技術的訓練即可。因此，專門在某一特別領域專精的人，其專業背景在此工作領域是具有附加價值的。 
編輯必須有能力清楚且合邏輯的表達想法，同時熱愛寫作。創意、好奇心、廣泛知識、自動及堅持不懈也是有利條件。編輯必須執行良好判斷與強列的道德感，決定哪些素材應該公開。編輯亦需機智，同時有能力鼓勵並引導其他人進行工作。 
報社招考新人時，考試範圍包括：國文（包括寫作）、英文及常識。有的雜誌社則是考寫作、翻譯題、翻譯編輯（測試中英或中日轉換能力）及評論美學封面。 
就沒有經驗的學生而言，可利用在校時多接觸出版相關產業，高中與大學校刊、文藝雜誌、報紙、無線電台和電視台全都提供了寶貴的學習價值，有時並無薪資給與，但是可增加寫作練習的經驗。很多出版社、雜誌、報紙及電台會於寒、暑假提供學生實習的機會，讓實習生寫短篇文章、做研究及跟隨正職記者採訪，並且學習與出版或廣播有關的事業。學生除了多增加在校期間的相關實習經驗外，也可以利用機會修習輔系，培養第二專長，以具備更多的專業能力。 

薪資收入

根據行政院勞委會的統計資料顯示，民國97年7月編輯（含撰稿及作家）平均每人月薪為39,000元。 
依業者表示，通常無工作經驗的編輯每月薪資約26,000～28,000元；有工作經驗的編輯每月薪資約30,000～33,000元，編輯工作期間達3～5年升主編後，每月薪資約35,000～40,000元；年終獎金平均一個月，但出版社會視編輯的工作成績給予獎金獎勵。

資料來源：http://163.29.140.81/careerguide/ind/ind_detail.asp?id_no=20923&section_id=2&index_1=%BDs%BF%E8

青春期過后,臉上還有一些小痘痘

 

提問: 青春期過后,臉上還有一些小痘痘~ 問題補充: 很頑固的,怎么去除呢~

美容專家: ■ 痘痘大多是由兩個原因引起的，一個是因為皮膚屬于油性皮膚，皮脂腺過于發達，皮脂分泌過旺。如果毛孔被堵塞或者是因為其它原因導致排油不暢，那么皮脂腺繼續分泌，皮脂就在毛孔中累積起來，突起、成為痘痘。 ■ 另一個原因是，體內激素分泌失衡，使皮膚長痘。這個原因在青春期的時候比較常見。激素分泌失衡也會間接造成皮脂分泌過于旺盛，從而進一步加劇痘痘的狀況。

【簡單版】： 患了痤瘡（青春痘），應該常用溫水、含硫香皂洗臉，每日洗數次，以減少皮膚的油膩。皮膚的油膩減少，灰塵等臟東西落在皮膚上被粘著的機會亦就減少，這就能效地防止皮脂腺口的堵塞和細菌的繼發性感染。另外不要用手擠壓痤瘡，不用油脂類化妝品，不隨便外用油膏，不要用膚氫松、膚樂乳膏、恩膚霜等類固醇激素的外用藥膏，否則會引起類固醇激互性痤瘡，亦不要用溴、碘類藥物，否則會引起疣狀丘疹，起增殖性痤瘡。要少吃脂肪和糖類食品，少吃油炸食品及蔥、蒜、辣椒等刺激性食物，多吃水果和蔬菜，防止便秘和消化不良，這些對減輕痤瘡都有一定幫助。

【完全版】： 痤瘡是一種毛囊與皮脂腺的慢性炎癥性皮膚病。俗稱“粉刺”、“青春痘”。本病原因復雜，機理尚未明了。一般認為與內分泌、皮脂和微生物有關。痤瘡極為常見，多見于青春期，男多于女，經過緩慢，30歲以后可減輕或自愈。中醫稱之為“肺風粉刺”。 治療建議 ◆雪梨芹菜汁：芹菜100克，西紅柿1個，雪梨150克，檸檬半個。洗凈后同放入果汁機中攪汁，飲用，每日1次。功效清熱，潤膚。適用于痤瘡的輔助治療。 ◆紅蘿卜芹菜汁：紅蘿卜1個，芹菜150克，洋蔥1個，洗凈后放入攪汁機中攪汁，飲用，每日1次。清熱解毒，祛火。可輔助防治痤瘡。 ◆枇杷葉膏：將鮮枇杷葉1000克，加水8000毫升，煎煮 3小時后過濾去渣，再濃縮成膏，兌入蜂蜜適量混勻，貯存備用。每次吃 10克～15克，每日2次。功效清解肺熱，化痰止咳。適用于痤瘡、酒糟鼻等。服藥期間忌食辛辣刺激性食物及酒類。 ◆海藻薏苡仁粥：海藻、昆布、甜杏仁各9克，薏苡仁30克。將海藻、昆布、甜杏仁加水適量煎煮，棄渣取汁液，再與薏苡仁煮粥食用，每日 1次，3周為1個療程。功效活血化瘀，消炎軟堅，適用于痤瘡。 ◆山楂桃仁粥：山楂、桃仁各9克，荷葉半張，粳米60克。先將前三味煮湯，去渣后入粳米煮成粥。每日1劑，連用30日。適用于痰淤凝結者所致的痤瘡。 ◆海帶綠豆湯：海帶、綠豆各15克，甜杏仁9克，玫瑰花6克，紅糖適量。將玫瑰花用布包好，與各藥同煮后，去玫瑰花，加紅糖食用。每日 1劑，連用30日。適用于防治痤瘡。 ◆醋姜木瓜：陳醋100毫升，木瓜60克，生姜9克。將3味共放入沙鍋中煎煮，待醋煮干時，取出木瓜、生姜食之。每日1劑，早晚2次吃完。連用7日。對脾胃痰溫所致的痤瘡有效。 ◆枸杞消炎粥：枸杞子30克，白鴿肉、粳米各100克，細鹽、味精、香油各適量。洗凈白鴿肉，剁成肉呢。洗凈枸杞子和粳米，放入沙鍋中，加鴿肉泥及適量水，文火煨粥，粥成時加入細鹽、味精、香油，拌勻。每日1劑，分2次食用，5～8劑為1個療程。具有托毒排邪、養陰潤膚、消癰退腫功效。適用于皮膚有感染、臉生粉刺者。 ◆薏苡仁海帶雙仁粥：薏苡仁15克，枸杞、桃仁各15克，海帶、甜杏仁各10克，綠豆20克，粳米50克。將桃仁、甜杏仁用紗布包，水煎取汁，加入薏苡仁、海帶末、枸杞子、粳米同煮粥吃。每日2次。具有清熱解毒，清火消炎，活血化瘀，養陰潤膚功效。適用于防治痤瘡。 ◆果菜綠豆飲：取小白菜、芹菜、苦瓜、柿椒、檸檬、蘋果、綠豆各適量。先將綠豆煮30 分鐘，濾其汁；將小白菜、芹菜、苦瓜、柿椒、蘋果分別洗凈切段或塊，攪汁，調入綠豆汁，滴入檸檬汁，加蜂蜜調味飲用。每日1～2次。有清熱解毒，防治粉刺功效。 ◆果菜防痤汁：取苦瓜、黃瓜、芹菜、梨、橙、菠蘿各適量。將苦瓜去籽，菠蘿去皮，切塊；將黃瓜、芹菜、梨、橙及苦瓜、菠蘿同攪汁，調入蜂蜜飲服。每日1～2次。具有清熱解毒、殺菌功效。適用于防治痤瘡。 ◆綠豆薏苡仁防痤湯：將綠豆、薏苡仁各25克，山楂10克，洗凈，加水500克，泡30分鐘后煮開，滾幾分鐘后即停火，不要揭蓋，燜15分鐘即可，當茶飲。每日3～5次，適用于油性皮膚，有預防長粉刺和青春疙瘩作用。

●注意事項 ◆1. 早睡早起，生活規律，保證充分睡眠。保持患部清潔。不濫用化妝品和藥物。 ◆2. 不吃辛辣刺激性食物。多吃新鮮蔬菜和水果。多飲開水。 ◆3. 樹立信心，不憂傷，不苦惱，心情愉快。

●日常清潔 ◆1．堅持使用暗瘡皮膚專用的洗臉皂或潔面劑。不含皂基和酒精的成分，不會對暗瘡再造成刺激。 ◆2．不能過度清潔皮膚。因為清潔過度會刺激細胞分泌更多油脂，形成惡性循環。 ◆3．卸妝、潔面必須分別進行，因為只有含油分的卸妝液才能徹底清除同屬油性的化妝品。 ◆4．要用專用海綿輔助洗臉，讓油膩的皮膚變得清爽。要把潔面液在手心揉搓出泡沫，再用海綿使泡沫增加；把海綿從脖子、嘴巴四周、下巴、臉頰、鼻梁等處順序輕刷，最后用溫水沖走泡沫，再用冷水拍臉。

●化妝遮蓋 朋友聚會、參加面試，或與新友初次見面，臉上如果有暗瘡會覺得很不自然，在這兒告訴你幾條錦囊妙計。 ●遮瑕霜 準備個小號化妝掃，一盒高質量的遮瑕霜，一盒碎粉。 記住前后順序： 1．在暗瘡印上掃上遮瑕霜。 2．用手指把遮瑕霜推開。 3．用遮瑕掃在突起或高起的部分做修補 4．撲上與膚色接近的碎粉，一分鐘后掃去，這有助于定妝并吸去油分，讓效果持久。

●遮頰小貼士： 1．不要在正在發炎甚至化膿的暗瘡上涂遮瑕霜，暗瘡有膿或形成傷口的話，很容易感染細菌，處理不當流出膿水就更糟糕了。 2．遮瑕掃有利于填補凹凸的疤痕，比用手指涂抹效果更好更服帖。

●除痘遮瑕筆 使用除痘遮瑕筆進行遮蓋沒有后顧之憂，因為除痘遮瑕筆內含抗菌因子，在抗菌治療的同時，又能進一步治療并遮蓋痘痘，還能與彩妝隔離。使用時用除痘遮瑕筆直接涂在沒有化膿發炎的痘痘上面，就能有很好的遮瑕效果。

●個性化妝 將單個的、高出皮膚表面的，大而紅腫的痘痘作為妝面飾物描畫出來，是一種另類的化妝法。首先要用除痘遮瑕筆打底，起到與彩妝隔離的作用。◇如果是嘴角或下巴上的痘痘，可以畫成一顆痣。◇如果是臉頰上的痘痘，可以用紋身彩筆畫成小圖案，活潑而有個性。◇如果長在額頭上的痘痘，可以貼上小彩貼或亮片，又炫又酷。

●從生活起居做起 1．不用油性化妝品，如含高油分的防曬霜等。 2．如口部長有痘痘，停止使用含氟牙膏。 3．痘痘成長期暫時不要吃海鮮、芒果和補品。 4．避免使用皂基成分的潔面品，以免破壞皮膚的酸性保護膜，使皮膚失去抵抗力，更容易引起細菌感染，產生敏感痘痘。

 

轉載：Remembering Colossus, the world’s first programmable electronic computer

It’s no secret we have a special fondness for Bletchley Park . The pioneering work carried out there didn’t just crack codes—it laid the foundations for the computer age. 

Today, we’d like to pay homage to a lesser-known contributor—Tommy Flowers. Bletchley Park’s breakthroughs were the product of theoretical mathematical brilliance combined with dazzling feats of engineering—none more so than Flowers’ creation of Colossus , the world’s first programmable, electronic computer.

Photo of Dr. Thomas “Tommy” Flowers. Reproduced with kind permission of the Flowers family

By 1942 the hardest task facing Bletchley Park’s wartime codebreakers was deciphering messages encrypted by Lorenz , used by Germany for their most top-secret communications. Initially Lorenz messages were broken by hand, using ingenious but time-consuming techniques. To speed things up, it was decided to build a machine to automate parts of the decoding process. This part-mechanical, part-electronic device was called Heath Robinson , but although it helped, it was unreliable and still too slow. 

Tommy Flowers was an expert in the use of relays and thermionic valves  for switching, thanks to his research developing telephone systems. Initially, he was summoned to Bletchley Park to help improve Heath Robinson, but his concerns with its design were so great he came up with an entirely new solution—an electronic machine, later christened Colossus.

When Flowers proposed the idea for Colossus in February 1943, Bletchley Park management feared that, with around 1,600 thermionic valves, it would be unreliable. Drawing on his pre-war research, Flowers was eventually able to persuade them otherwise, with proof that valves were reliable provided the machine they were used in was never turned off. Despite this, however, Bletchley Park’s experts were still skeptical that a new machine could be ready quickly enough and declined to pursue it further. 

Fortunately Flowers was undeterred, and convinced the U.K.’s Post Office research centre at Dollis Hill in London to approve the project instead. Working around the clock, and partially funding it out of his own pocket, Flowers and his team completed a prototype Colossus in just 10 months.

Photo of the rebuilt Colossus which you can visit at The National Museum of Computing in the U.K. 
 Reproduced with kind permission of The National Museum of Computing.

The first Colossus came into operation at Bletchley Park in January 1944. It exceeded all expectations and was able to derive many of the Lorenz settings for each message within a few hours, compared to weeks previously. This was followed in June 1944 by a 2,400-valve Mark 2 version which was even more powerful, and which provided vital information to aid the D-Day landings. By the end of the war there were 10 Colossus computers at Bletchley Park working 24/7. 

Once war was over, all mention of Colossus was forbidden by the Official Secrets Act . Eight of the machines were dismantled, while the remaining two were sent to London where they purportedly were used for intelligence purposes until 1960. It wasn’t until the 1970’s that Colossus could begin to claim its rightful crown at the forefront of computing history. 

Tommy Flowers passed away in 1998, but we were privileged recently to catch up with some on his team who helped build and maintain Colossus.

This week heralds the opening of a new gallery dedicated to Colossus at the U.K.’s National Museum of Computing , based at Bletchley Park. The rebuilt Colossus is on show, and over the coming weeks it will be joined by interactive exhibits and displays. Bletchley Park is less than an hour from Central London, and makes a fitting pilgrimage for anyone interested in computing. 

Posted by Lynette Webb, Senior Manager, External Relations (Cross-posted on the European Public Policy Blog )

原址：http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/03/remembering-colossus-worlds-first.html

轉載：Re-imagining classic ads for the modern web

This year, digital advertising turns 18. Over nearly two decades, waves of innovation have transformed the medium—it’s come a long way since the blinking banner ads of the early Internet. But we think the most exciting changes are still to come, as marketers and agencies increasingly embrace technology to enable new types of creativity, and build online ads that don’t simply inform, but delight and engage their audience. 

For example, what if an online ad could bring together two strangers on opposite sides of the globe? Or let you follow a real-life adventure as it unfolds? We wanted to find out. So we started an experiment, both to celebrate 18 years of online innovation, and to link advertising’s digital future to its storied past:Project Re: Brief . 

We started with four iconic ad campaigns from the 1960s and ‘70s from Alka-Seltzer, Avis, Coca-Cola and Volvo, each considered groundbreaking in its day. The advertising legends who made the original ads then came out of retirement to rethink their original “brief,” this time, using the full range of technological tools at their disposal, to reach consumers in today’s digitally connected world.

Here are previews of two of the re-imagined ads:

Coca-Cola
Original Art Director: Harvey Gabor
A Coca-Cola can connect people. This was the idea behind a 1971 ad in which young people from all over the world stood on a hilltop singing, “I’d like to buy the world a Coke, and keep it company.” But imagine being able to walk past a vending machine in New York and finding out that a stranger in Tokyo actually sent you a free Coke. Technology can make this possible by linking online ads to real-world devices, like vending machines, in real time. The new ads let you record a video or text message and send it, along with a free Coke, to special vending machines in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Capetown, South Africa; New York, NY; and Mountain View, Calif. The recipient can also record a message from the machine and send it right back. To see how this ad was brought to life, watch this short film.

Volvo
Original Art Director: Amil Gargano
A Volvo is so durable, you can “Drive it Like You Hate It,” according to a 1962 series of print and TV ads . The re-imagined ads center on the durability of one particular Volvo—that of Irv Gordon, who has had his car since 1966 and put a world-record 2.9 million miles on it, so far. In these ads, you can join Irv on his journey to reach 3 million miles. Starting with colorful stories from his past and a live feed of his car’s odometer, you can interact with him through Google+, and recreate some of Irv’s favorite routes throughout the U.S. on Google Maps. Watch the behind-the-scenes story in this short documentary.

We’ll have more to share from this experiment soon. In the meantime, these are just a few examples of how agencies and brand marketers are harnessing technology to rethink what ads can be and make the web work for them (not the other way around). To learn more about the project, visit projectrebrief.com . And if you’re planning on attending SXSW, stop by the Discovery House at theGoogle Village to see demos of these campaigns, or attend a talk .

Posted by Jim Lecinski, Vice President, U.S. Sales and Brad Bender, Director, Product Management

原址：http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/03/re-imagining-classic-ads-for-modern-web.html

轉載：Gerd Ludwig's 'Long Shadow of Chernobyl' project

Internationally-renowned photojournalist Gerd Ludwig has spent years documenting the aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. In 1986, errors at the plant in Ukraine led to an explosion that ultimately caused over a quarter of a million people to permanently evacuate their homes to escape the radiation and radioactive fallout. Over the course of several trips to the site and the region for National Geographic Magazine in 1993, 2005, and 2011, Ludwig has amassed a documentary record of a people and a place irreparably altered by a tragic accident. His 2011 trip was partially funded by a Kickstarter campaign. Now Ludwig has released an iPad app with over 150 photographs, video, and interactive panoramas. Gathered here is a small selection of the work Ludwig has produced over the years of the still-unfolding tragedy. -- Lane Turner (23 photos total )

1. On April 26, 1986, operators in this control room of reactor No. 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant committed a fatal series of errors during a safety test, triggering a reactor meltdown that resulted in the world's largest nuclear accident to date. Today, the control room sits abandoned and deadly radioactive. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine, 2005

2. Workers, wearing respirators and plastic suits for protection, pause briefly on their way to drill holes for support rods inside the sarcophagus. It is hazardous work: radiation is so high that they constantly need to monitor their Geiger counters and dosimeters, and they are allowed only one 15-minute stay in this space per day. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine, 2005 

3. For years desperate efforts were under way to shore up the roof of the shelter to prevent it from collapsing. Inside the sarcophagus, dimly lit tunnels lead to eerie rooms strewn with wires, pieces of shredded metal and other debris. Walls have collapsed, and rubble is covered with contaminated dust. The stabilization work has been completed, and today the reactor’s interior sits untouched and deadly radioactive, waiting to be dismantled. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine, 2011 

4. Although radiation levels only allowed for a few minutes of access, workers initially had to pass over hazardous ladders to a section underneath the melted core with life threatening contamination. To facilitate faster access, a daunting hallway called the leaning staircase was erected. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine, 2011

5. Workers near the sarcophagus expose themselves to hazardous levels of radiation while building the New Safe Confinement, estimated to cost $2.2 billion. The arch-shaped, 29,000-ton metal structure, 105 meters high and 257 meters wide, will slide over the existing structure to allow demolition of the ailing shelter. To provide an indestructible base for the new confinement, 396 enormous metal pipes are hammered 25 meters deep into the ground. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine, 2011

6. A rooftop view from the Polissya Hotel in the center of Pripyat shows the proximity of the ill-fated Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant to this former home of 50,000 people. Today, Pripyat stands a ghost town overrun by nature. Pripyat, Ukraine, 2005

7. Built in 1970 for the scientists and workers of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, the city of Pripyat, located less than 3 km from the reactor, was once inhabited by nearly 50,000 residents and brimming with life. Authorities did not immediately warn residents of the accident and ordered the evacuation a full 36 hours after the explosion. Pripyat, Ukraine, 1993

8. When Soviet authorities finally ordered the evacuation, the residents’ hasty departure often meant leaving behind their most personal belongings. The Soviet Union only admitted to the world that an accident had occurred three days after the explosion, when the nuclear cloud reached Sweden and scientists there noticed radiation on their shoes before entering their facility. Opachichi, Ukraine, 1993

9. Nineteen years after the accident, the empty schools and kindergarten rooms in Pripyat - once the largest town in the Exclusion Zone with 50,000 inhabitants—remain a silent testament to the sudden and tragic departure. Due to decay, this section of the school building has since collapsed. Pripyat, Ukraine, 2005

10. On the day of the disaster, children oblivious to the nuclear accident played in this kindergarten in Pripyat, the reactor’s company town. The following day they were evacuated, leaving behind everything—even their treasured dolls and toys. Pripyat, Ukraine, 2005 

11. Wind blows through the desolate town of Pripyat. On April 26, 1986, this amusement park was being readied for the annual May Day celebrations when reactor No. 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded less than 3 km away. Pripyat, Ukraine, 1993 

12. On April 26, 1986, this amusement park in Pripyat with bumper cars and a Ferris wheel was being readied for the annual May Day celebrations when the nearby reactor blew up. Rotting away for 25 years, it has since become a symbol of the utter abandonment of the area. Now it is an attraction for tourists who have started flocking to the zone in droves. Pripyat, Ukraine, 2011

13. In 2011, the Ukrainian government officially legalized tourism in the Exclusion Zone. In Pripyat, visitors get to wander through the debris-strewn corridors and empty classrooms of a school. Hundreds of discarded gas masks litter the floor of the canteen. One tourist brought his own gas mask—not to protect himself from the radiation but simply for photographs and giggles. Pripyat, Ukraine, 2011 

14. The nuclear accident contaminated tens of thousands of square kilometers, forcing 150,000 people within a 30 km radius to hastily leave their homes. Today, nearly all the small wooden houses in the scattered villages within the Exclusion Zone are abandoned, and nature slowly takes over these remnants of civilization. Korogod, Ukraine, 2005 

15. Kharytina Descha, 92, is one of the several hundred elderly people who have returned to their village homes inside the Exclusion Zone. Although surrounded by devastation and isolation, she prefers to die on her own soil. Teremtsy, Ukraine, 2011 

16. Homegrown tomatoes are washed in the sink at the home of deaf couple Ivan Martynenko, 77, and Gapa Semenenko, 82. After the evacuation, a few hundred elderly evacuees subsequently returned to their former homes, subsisting mostly on produce grown on contaminated soil. Ilyintsy, Ukraine, 2005

17. Suffering from thyroid cancer, Oleg Shapiro, 54, and Dima Bogdanovich, 13, receive care at a thyroid hospital in Minsk, where surgery is performed daily. As a liquidator, Oleg was exposed to extreme levels of radiation. This was his third thyroid operation. Dima's mother claims that Chernobyl’s nuclear fallout is responsible for her son’s cancer, but his doctors are more cautious; Belarusian officials are often instructed to downplay the severity of the radiation. Minsk, Belarus, 2005

18. As his mother worries, Dima Pyko, 16, receives treatment as a lymphoma patient at the Children’s Cancer Center (Oncology and Hematology Center) in Lesnoy near Minsk. The facility was built with much financial support from Austria as a direct result of cancers occurring in the fallout regions in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. Lesnoy, Belarus, 2005 

19. Severely physically and mentally handicapped, 5-year-old Igor was given up by his parents and now lives at a children’s mental asylum, which cares for 150 abandoned and orphaned children with disabilities. It is one of several such facilities in rural southern Belarus receiving support from Chernobyl Children International, an aid organization established by Adi Roche in 1991 in the aftermath of the world’s worst nuclear disaster. Vesnova, Belarus, 2005

20. In the days, weeks and months after the Chernobyl accident, strong winds pushed the radiation released by the explosion northwest into the Gomel region of Belarus, contaminating thousands of square kilometers with the radioactive fallout. Today, girls born around the time of the accident are having children of their own. Many find themselves anxious about the contamination and what it might have done to their reproductive organs and genes. Gomel, Belarus, 2005 

21. Only 5 years old and suffering from leukemia, Veronika Chechet is hospitalized at the Center for Radiation Medicine in Kiev. Her mother, Yelena Medeyeva, 29, was born four years before the Chernobyl accident in nearby Chernigov, a city heavily affected by nuclear fallout. According to doctors at the hospital, many patients’ conditions are a direct result of the radioactivity released after the accident. Kiev, Ukraine, 2011

22. In an orphanage in Belarus, a mentally disabled boy enjoys the scent of a tulip. Children born in the fallout region are said to have a higher rate of birth defects and retardation, a belief supported by many—but not all—in the scientific community. International aid organizations established in the aftermath of the disaster continue to provide much needed financial support to homes and orphanages housing children affected by the fallout. Vesnova, Belarus, 2005

23. Each year on April 26 in a midnight vigil at the Monument to the Firemen, shift workers in Chernobyl honor those killed by the explosion. Two plant workers died immediately in the blast, and another 28 workers and firemen soon succumbed to radiation poisoning. Thousands more have since died of cancer and the social upheaval caused by mass relocation. Chernobyl, Ukraine, 2005 

原始地址：http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/02/gerd_ludwigs_long_shadow_of_ch.html